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Trailblazer Project

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"> <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> surveillance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">Map of global NSA data collection</a> as of 2007, with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">MINARET</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_SHAMROCK" title="Project SHAMROCK">SHAMROCK</a></li>

<li><a href="PROMIS_(intelligence_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="PROMIS (intelligence software)">PROMIS</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Since 1978</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Upstream_collection" title="Upstream collection">Upstream collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Blarney_(code_name)" title="Blarney (code name)">BLARNEY</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairview_(surveillance_program)" title="Fairview (surveillance program)">FAIRVIEW</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinThread" title="ThinThread">ThinThread</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Genoa" title="Project Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Since 1990</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="RAMPART-A" title="RAMPART-A">RAMPART-A</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Since 1998</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Since 2001</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="OAKSTAR" title="OAKSTAR">OAKSTAR</a></li>

<li><a href="STORMBREW" title="STORMBREW">STORMBREW</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Genoa_II" title="Project Genoa II">Genoa II</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Information_Awareness" title="Total Information Awareness">Total Information Awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Since 2007</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropmire" title="Dropmire">Dropmire</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateroom_(surveillance_program)" title="Stateroom (surveillance program)">Stateroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullrun_(decryption_program)" title="Bullrun (decryption program)">Bullrun</a></li>

<li><a href="MYSTIC_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYSTIC (surveillance program)">MYSTIC</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Databases, tools etc.</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="PINWALE" class="mw-redirect" title="PINWALE">PINWALE</a></li>

<li><a href="MARINA" title="MARINA">MARINA</a></li>

<li><a href="MAINWAY" title="MAINWAY">MAINWAY</a></li>

<li><a href="TRAFFICTHIEF" title="TRAFFICTHIEF">TRAFFICTHIEF</a></li>

<li><a href="Dishfire" title="Dishfire">DISHFIRE</a></li>

<li><a href="XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a></li>

<li><a href="ICREACH" title="ICREACH">ICREACH</a></li>

<li><a href="Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">BOUNDLESSINFORMANT</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>GCHQ collaboration</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="MUSCULAR_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSCULAR (surveillance program)">MUSCULAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempora" title="Tempora">Tempora</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968#Wiretaps" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Safe Streets Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeland_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Act">Homeland Security Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">FISA Amendments Act of 2008</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Senate_Intelligence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee">Senate Intelligence Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lawsuits</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Hepting_v._AT%26T" title="Hepting v. AT&T">Hepting v. AT&T</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewel_v._NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewel v. NSA">Jewel v. NSA</a></li>

<li><a href="Clapper_v._Amnesty_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International">Clapper v. Amnesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></li>

<li><a href="ACLU_v._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Clapper">ACLU v. Clapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikimedia_v._NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia v. NSA">Wikimedia v. NSA</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_v._Moalin" title="United States v. Moalin">US v. Moalin</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Whistleblowers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="William_Binney_(U.S._intelligence_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)">William Binney</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Drake</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Klein" title="Mark Klein">Mark Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Publication</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">2005 warrantless surveillance scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Cablegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cablegate">Cablegate</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Department_of_Justice_investigations_of_reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters">Surveillance of reporters</a></li>

<li><a href="Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking" title="Mail Isolation Control and Tracking">Mail tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Spying_on_United_Nations_leaders_by_United_States_diplomats" class="mw-redirect" title="Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats">UN diplomatic spying</a></li>

<li><a href="Insider_Threat_Program" title="Insider Threat Program">Insider Threat Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collaboration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt>United States</dt></dl>

<li> <a href="United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">CYBERCOM</a></li>

<dl><dt>Other</dt></dl>

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Trailblazer was a United States <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) program intended to develop a capability to analyze data carried on <a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">communications networks</a> like the Internet. It was intended to track entities using communication methods such as cell phones and e-mail.<a href="#cite_note-sun-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-physorg-2">[2]</a>

NSA employees J. Kirk Wiebe, <a href="William_Binney_(U.S._intelligence_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)">William Binney</a>, Ed Loomis, and <a href="House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a> staff <a href="Diane_Roark" title="Diane Roark">Diane Roark</a> complained to the <a href="Office_of_the_Inspector_General%2C_U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense">Department of Defense's Inspector General</a> (IG) about waste, fraud, and abuse in the program, and the fact that a successful operating prototype existed. The complaint was accepted by the IG and an investigation began that lasted until mid-2005 when the final results were issued. The results were largely hidden, as the report given to the public was heavily (90%) redacted, while the original report was heavily classified, thus restricting the ability of most people to see it.

The people who filed the IG complaint were later raided by armed <a href="Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) agents. While the U.S. government threatened to prosecute all who signed the IG report, it ultimately chose to pursue an NSA Senior Executive <a href="Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a> who helped with the report internally to NSA and who had spoken with a reporter about the project. Drake was later charged under the <a href="Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>. His defenders claimed this was retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bamford-4">[4]</a> The charges against him were later dropped, and he agreed to plead guilty to having committed a misdemeanor under the <a href="Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a>, something that <a href="Jesselyn_Radack" title="Jesselyn Radack">Jesselyn Radack</a> of the <a href="Government_Accountability_Project" title="Government Accountability Project">Government Accountability Project</a>, which helped represent him, called an "act of <a href="Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>".<a href="#cite_note-rad1-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

Trailblazer was chosen over a similar program named <a href="ThinThread" title="ThinThread">ThinThread</a>, a less costly project which had been designed with built-in privacy protections for United States citizens.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bamford-4">[4]</a> Trailblazer was later linked to the <a href="NSA_electronic_surveillance_program" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA electronic surveillance program">NSA electronic surveillance program</a> and the <a href="NSA_warrantless_surveillance_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance controversy">NSA warrantless surveillance controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a>

In 2002, a consortium led by <a href="Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">Science Applications International Corporation</a> was chosen by the NSA to produce a technology demonstration platform in a contract worth $280 million. Project participants included <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a>, and <a href="Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a>. The project was overseen by NSA Deputy Director <a href="William_B._Black%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Black, Jr.">William B. Black, Jr.</a>, an NSA worker who had gone to SAIC, and then been re-hired back to NSA by NSA director Michael Hayden in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-wired1007-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaltSun20060531-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreSun0601-8">[8]</a> SAIC had also hired a former NSA director to its management: <a href="Bobby_Inman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby Inman">Bobby Inman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bam201-9">[9]</a> SAIC also participated in the concept definition phase of Trailblazer.<a href="#cite_note-wtech-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-flib-11">[11]</a>

The NSA Inspector General issued a report on Trailblazer that "discussed improperly based contract cost increases, non-conformance in the management of the Statement of Work, and excessive labor rates for contractor personnel."<a href="#cite_note-dodfoia1-13">[13]</a>

In 2004 the DoD IG report criticized the program (see the Whistleblowing section below). It said that the "NSA 'disregarded solutions to urgent national security needs'" and "that TRAILBLAZER was poorly executed and overly expensive..." Several contractors for the project were worried about cooperating with DoD's audit for fear of "management reprisal." The Director of NSA "nonconcurred" with several statements in the IG audit, and the report contains a discussion of those disagreements.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

In 2005, NSA director <a href="Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a> told a Senate hearing that the Trailblazer program was several hundred million dollars over budget and years behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-spacew1-15">[15]</a> In 2006 the program was shut down<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a> after having cost billions of US Dollars.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Several anonymous NSA sources told Newsweek later on that the project was a "wasteful failure".<a href="#cite_note-hosenball-17">[17]</a>

The new project replacing Trailblazer is called <a href="Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whistleblowing">Whistleblowing</h2></div>

According to a 2011 <a href="The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> article, in the early days of the project several NSA employees met with Diane S Roark, an NSA budget expert on the <a href="United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a>. They aired their grievances about Trailblazer. In response, NSA director Michael Hayden sent out a memo saying that "individuals, in a session with our congressional overseers, took a position in direct opposition to one that we had corporately decided to follow... Actions contrary to our decisions will have a serious adverse effect on our efforts to transform N.S.A., and I cannot tolerate them."<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a>

In September 2002, several people filed a complaint with the Department of Defense IG's office regarding problems with Trailblazer: they included Roark (aforementioned), as well as ex-NSA senior analysts Bill Binney, Kirk Wiebe, and Senior Computer Systems Analyst Ed Loomis, who had all quit the agency over concerns about its mismanagement of acquisition and allegedly illegal domestic spying.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-harri1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP20100714-19">[19]</a> A major source for the report was NSA senior officer Thomas Andrews Drake. Drake had been complaining to his superiors for some time about problems at the agency, and about the superiority of ThinThread over Trailblazer, for example, at protecting privacy.<a href="#cite_note-WP20100714-19">[19]</a> Drake gave info to DoD during its investigation of the matter.<a href="#cite_note-WP20100714-19">[19]</a> Roark also went to her boss at the House committee, <a href="Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a>, about problems, but was rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-20">[20]</a> She also attempted to contact <a href="William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, the Supreme Court Chief Justice at the time.<a href="#cite_note-WP20100714-19">[19]</a>

In 2003, the <a href="NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">NSA IG</a> (not the <a href="Office_of_the_Inspector_General%2C_U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense">DoD IG</a>)<a href="#cite_note-WP20100714-19">[19]</a> had declared Trailblazer an expensive failure.<a href="#cite_note-spacew1-15">[15]</a> It had cost more than $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreSun0601-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-econ1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-shane1-22">[22]</a>

In 2005, the DoD IG produced a report on the result of its investigation of the complaint of Roark and the others in 2002. This report was not released to the public, but it has been described as very negative.<a href="#cite_note-harri1-18">[18]</a> <a href="Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Jane Mayer</a> writes that it hastened the closure of Trailblazer, which was at the time in trouble from Congress for being over budget.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a>

In November 2005, Drake contacted Siobhan Gorman, a reporter of The Baltimore Sun.<a href="#cite_note-hosenball-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-shane2-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired1-24">[24]</a> Gorman wrote several articles about problems at the NSA, including articles on Trailblazer. This series got her an award from the <a href="Society_of_Professional_Journalists" title="Society of Professional Journalists">Society of Professional Journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hosenball-17">[17]</a>

In 2005, President <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> ordered the FBI to find whoever had disclosed information about the <a href="NSA_electronic_surveillance_program" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA electronic surveillance program">NSA electronic surveillance program</a> and its disclosure in the New York Times. Eventually, this investigation led to the people who had filed the 2002 DoD IG request, even though they had nothing to do with the New York Times disclosure. In 2007, the houses of Roark, Binney, and Wiebe were raided by armed FBI agents. According to Mayer, Binney claims the FBI pointed guns at his head and that of his wife. Wiebe said it reminded him of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-harri1-18">[18]</a> None of these people were ever charged with any crime. Four months later, Drake was raided in November 2007 and his computers and documents were confiscated.

In 2010 Drake was indicted by the U.S. Department of Justice on charges of obstructing justice, providing false information, and violating the <a href="Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hosenball-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-whistleblowerorg1-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-doj-26">[26]</a> part of President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s crackdown on whistleblowers and "leakers".<a href="#cite_note-hosenball-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-harri1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-shane2-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-naka2-27">[27]</a> The government tried to get Roark to testify to a conspiracy, and made similar requests to Drake, offering him a plea bargain. They both refused.<a href="#cite_note-NYer2011-3">[3]</a>

In June 2011, the ten original charges against Drake were dropped; instead he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor.<a href="#cite_note-rad1-5">[5]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Mark_Klein" title="Mark Klein">Mark Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Awareness_Office" title="Information Awareness Office">Information Awareness Office</a></li>

<li><a href="NSA_Call_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA Call Database">NSA Call Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepting_v._AT%26T" title="Hepting v. AT&T">Hepting v. AT&T</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_noir" title="Cabinet noir">Cabinet noir</a></li>

<li><a href="ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Shamrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Shamrock">Project Shamrock</a>, <a href="DCSNet" class="mw-redirect" title="DCSNet">DCSNet</a> and <a href="Red_Hook_(FBI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hook (FBI)">Red Hook (FBI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_data_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications data retention">Telecommunications data retention</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="The_First_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Circle">The First Circle</a>, Alexander Solzhenytsin</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gorman's_Baltimore_Sun_series">Gorman's Baltimore Sun series</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/01/29/little-known-contractor-has-close-ties-with-staff-of-nsa/">Little-known contractor has close ties with staff of NSA</a> January 29, 2006</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/01/29/system-error/">System Error</a>, January 29, 2006</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/02/04/gao-head-stymied-in-quest-to-audit-anti-terror-efforts/">GAO head stymied in quest to audit anti-terror efforts</a>, February 4, 2006</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/02/26/computer-ills-hinder-nsa/">Computer ills hinder NSA</a>, February 26, 2006</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/05/18/freshly-briefed-lawmakers-to-question-hayden-today/">Freshly briefed lawmakers to question Hayden today</a>, May 18, 2006, with Gwyneth K. Shaw</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/05/31/second-ranking-nsa-official-forced-out-of-job-by-director/">Second-ranking NSA official forced out of job by director</a> May 31, 2006</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331202422/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0518-07.htm">"NSA killed system that sifted phone data legally"</a>. baltimoresun.com. 2006-05-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0518-07.htm">the original</a> on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-08-14.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-physorg-2"><a href="#cite_ref-physorg_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news67784662.html">"NSA datamining pushes tech envelope"</a>. PhysOrg.com. May 25, 2006.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Mayer, Jane (May 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/23/110523fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all">"The Secret Sharer"</a>. <a href="The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite>

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<a href="James_Bamford" title="James Bamford">James Bamford</a>, <a href="The_Shadow_Factory" title="The Shadow Factory">The Shadow Factory</a>, Doubleday, 2008, chapter "Trailblazer".

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/06/11/984192/-Too-Classified-to-Try-Myth-in-Failed-Drake-Prosecution">Too Classified to Try Myth in Failed Drake Prosecution</a>, <a href="Jesselyn_Radack" title="Jesselyn Radack">Jesselyn Radack</a>, DailyKos, 6/11/11

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<li id="cite_note-wired1007-6"><a href="#cite_ref-wired1007_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/07/search-through-top-secret-americas-network-of-private-spooks/">"Search Top Secret America's Database of Private Spooks"</a>. Wired. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-BaltSun20060531-7"><a href="#cite_ref-BaltSun20060531_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGorman2006" class="citation web cs1">Gorman, Siobhan (2006-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/05/31/second-ranking-nsa-official-forced-out-of-job-by-director/">"Second-ranking NSA official forced out of job by director"</a>. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2011-01-01.</cite>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/01/29/little-known-contractor-has-close-ties-with-staff-of-nsa/">"Little-known contractor has close ties with staff of NSA"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. 2006-01-29. Retrieved 2010-07-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-bam201-9"><a href="#cite_ref-bam201_9-0">^</a> Bamford, Shadow Factory, Doubleday, 2008, p201

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<li id="cite_note-wtech-10"><a href="#cite_ref-wtech_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatience_Wait2002" class="citation news cs1">Patience Wait (October 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302035521/http://www.washingtontechnology.com/online/1_1/19355-1.html">"SAIC team gets demonstration phase of Trailblazer"</a>. Washington Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontechnology.com/online/1_1/19355-1.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-flib-11"><a href="#cite_ref-flib_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SAIC+Team+Wins+National+Security+Agency+TRAILBLAZER+Contract.-a093081931">"SAIC Team Wins National Security Agency TRAILBLAZER Contract"</a>. SAIC. October 21, 2002.</cite>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogoblog.typepad.com/pogo/2011/06/pogo-obtains-pentagon-inspector-general-report-associated-with-nsa-whistleblower-tom-drake.html">POGO Obtains Pentagon Inspector General Report Associated With NSA Whistleblower Tom Drake</a>, By Nick Schwellenbach, Project on Government Oversight, 2011 6 22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pogo.typepad.com">http://pogo.typepad.com</a>

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Please see the DoD audit of the Trailblazer program, available here: File:Redacted-dod-oig-audit-requirements-for-the.pdf on Page 38 of the report.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> See the IG report, linked in the article.

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<li id="cite_note-spacew1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spacew1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spacew1_15-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartin_Sieff2005" class="citation web cs1">Martin Sieff (August 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacewar.com/news/miltech-05zx.html">"NSA's New Boss Puts Faith In Hi Tech Fixes"</a>. Space War.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Government Accountability Project website <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065859/http://www.whistleblower.org/program-areas/homeland-security-a-human-rights/surveillance/nsa-whistleblowers-bill-binney-a-j-kirk-wiebe">"NSA Whistleblowers William (Bill) Binney and J. Kirk Wiebe - Government Accountability Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whistleblower.org/program-areas/homeland-security-a-human-rights/surveillance/nsa-whistleblowers-bill-binney-a-j-kirk-wiebe">the original</a> on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-04-27.</cite>, accessed June 9, 2013.

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<cite id="CITEREFMark_Hosenball2010" class="citation web cs1">Mark Hosenball (April 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421194756/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/archive/2010/04/16/exclusive-house-republican-staffer-introduced-alleged-nsa-leaker-to-reporter.aspx">"Exclusive: House Republican Staffer Introduced Alleged NSA Leaker to Reporter"</a>. Declassified. Newsweek.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/archive/2010/04/16/exclusive-house-republican-staffer-introduced-alleged-nsa-leaker-to-reporter.aspx">the original</a> on April 21, 2010. Retrieved Apr 17, 2010.</cite>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonian.com/blogarticles/18114.html">Indictment Continues Obama Administration’s War on Leaks</a>, Shane Harris, washingtonian, 01/25/2011, retrieved 3/9/11

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<li id="cite_note-WP20100714-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP20100714_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP20100714_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP20100714_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP20100714_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP20100714_19-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFEllen_Nakashima,_with_Greg_Miller_&_Julie_Tate2010" class="citation news cs1">Ellen Nakashima, with Greg Miller & Julie Tate (2010-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/13/AR2010071305992.html">"Former NSA executive Thomas A. Drake may pay high price for media leak"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-01-11.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFGreg_Miller,_Spencer_S._Hsu_and_Ellen_Nakashima,_with_Carol_D._Leonnig,_Howard_Kurtz_and_staff_researcher_Julie_Tate2010" class="citation news cs1">Greg Miller, Spencer S. Hsu and Ellen Nakashima, with Carol D. Leonnig, Howard Kurtz and staff researcher Julie Tate (April 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041503118.html">"Former NSA official allegedly leaked material to media"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, 2010.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite news}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/07/daniel_ellsberg_interview">"Eight questions for Daniel Ellsberg"</a>. The Economist. 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2010-08-03.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-shane1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-shane1_22-0">^</a> Scott Shane,Obama Steps Up the Prosecution of Media Leaks, New York Times, June 12, 2010, A1.

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<li id="cite_note-wired1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-wired1_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWired_News2010" class="citation web cs1">Wired News (14 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/07/thomas-drake/">"NSA Executive Leaked After Official Reporting Process Failed Him"</a>. Wired News. Retrieved 28 December 2010.</cite>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whistleblower.org/blog/31-2010/570-why-wikileaks-exhibit-a-thomas-drake-">Why WikiLeaks? Exhibit A: Thomas Drake - Government Accountability Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417201153/http://www.whistleblower.org/blog/31-2010/570-why-wikileaks-exhibit-a-thomas-drake-">Archived</a> 2011-04-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

Jesselyn Radack, retrieved from www.whistleblower.org on 2011 03 10

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<cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/April/10-crm-416.html">"Former NSA Senior Executive Charged with Illegally Retaining Classified Information, Obstructing Justice and Making False Statements"</a>. Justice News. <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.</cite>

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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112034622/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkpoint-washington/2010/11/setback_in_case_against_accuse.html">Checkpoint Washington - Setback in case against accused NSA leaker</a>, Ellen Nakashima, Washington Post, 2010 Nov, retrieved from voices.washingtonpost.com on 2011 03 10

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</ol></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Security_Agency141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="National_Security_Agency141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alaska_Mission_Operations_Center" title="Alaska Mission Operations Center">Alaska Mission Operations Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Colorado Cryptologic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidated_Intelligence_Center" title="Consolidated Intelligence Center">Consolidated Intelligence Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Dagger_Complex" title="Dagger Complex">European Cryptologic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Technical_Center" title="European Technical Center">European Technical Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort Meade</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendship_Annex" title="Friendship Annex">Friendship Annex</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia_Cryptologic_Center" title="Georgia Cryptologic Center">Georgia Cryptologic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaii_Cryptologic_Center" title="Hawaii Cryptologic Center">Hawaii Cryptologic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Interagency_Training_Center" title="Interagency Training Center">Interagency Training Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Kent_Island_Research_Facility" title="Kent Island Research Facility">Kent Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Misawa_Security_Operations_Center" title="Misawa Security Operations Center">Misawa Security Operations Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprogram_Research_Facility" title="Multiprogram Research Facility">Multiprogram Research Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Menwith_Hill" title="RAF Menwith Hill">RAF Menwith Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Roaring_Creek_Station" title="Roaring Creek Station">Roaring Creek</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_Creek_Station" title="Salt Creek Station">Salt Creek</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar_Grove_Station" title="Sugar Grove Station">Sugar Grove</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Cryptologic_Center" title="Texas Cryptologic Center">Texas Cryptologic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Utah_Data_Center" title="Utah Data Center">Utah Data Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency" title="Director of the National Security Agency">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ralph_Canine" title="Ralph Canine">Ralph Canine</a></li>

<li><a href="John_A._Samford" title="John A. Samford">John A. Samford</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurence_Hugh_Frost" title="Laurence Hugh Frost">Laurence Hugh Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Blake" title="Gordon Blake">Gordon Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Carter" title="Marshall Carter">Marshall Carter</a></li>

<li><a href="Noel_Gayler" title="Noel Gayler">Noel Gayler</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a></li>

<li><a href="Lew_Allen" title="Lew Allen">Lew Allen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobby_Ray_Inman" title="Bobby Ray Inman">Bobby Ray Inman</a></li>

<li><a href="Lincoln_D._Faurer" title="Lincoln D. Faurer">Lincoln D. Faurer</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">William Eldridge Odom</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Studeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Studeman">Bill Studeman</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Michael_McConnell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Michael McConnell">John Michael McConnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Minihan" title="Kenneth Minihan">Kenneth Minihan</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_B._Alexander" title="Keith B. Alexander">Keith B. Alexander</a> </li>

<li><a href="Michael_S._Rogers" title="Michael S. Rogers">Michael S. Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Special_Collection_Service" title="Special Collection Service">Special Collection Service</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ANT_catalog" title="ANT catalog">ANT catalog</a></li>

<li><a href="FROSTBURG" title="FROSTBURG">FROSTBURG</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_7950_Harvest" title="IBM 7950 Harvest">HARVEST</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_Terminal_Equipment" title="Secure Terminal Equipment">Secure Terminal Equipment (STE)</a></li>

<li><a href="WARRIOR_PRIDE" title="WARRIOR PRIDE">WARRIOR PRIDE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">2010s global surveillance disclosures</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li>

<li><a href="LOVEINT" title="LOVEINT">LOVEINT</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Bamford" title="James Bamford">James Bamford</a></li>

<li><a href="NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%932007)" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)">NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Pike Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Aid" title="Matthew Aid">Matthew Aid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">Boundless Informant</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropmire" title="Dropmire">Dropmire</a></li>

<li><a href="Echelon_(signals_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echelon (signals intelligence)">ECHELON</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairview_(surveillance_program)" title="Fairview (surveillance program)">Fairview</a></li>

<li><a href="Insider_Threat_Program" title="Insider Threat Program">Insider Threat Program</a></li>

<li><a href="MUSCULAR" title="MUSCULAR">MUSCULAR</a></li>

<li><a href="MYSTIC_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYSTIC (surveillance program)">MYSTIC</a></li>

<li><a href="PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_Time_Regional_Gateway" title="Real Time Regional Gateway">Real Time Regional Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_Wind" title="Stellar Wind">Stellar Wind</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Upstream_collection" title="Upstream collection">Upstream</a></li>

<li><a href="XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DISHFIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="DISHFIRE">DISHFIRE</a></li>

<li><a href="MAINWAY" title="MAINWAY">MAINWAY</a></li>

<li><a href="MARINA" title="MARINA">MARINA</a></li>

<li><a href="PINWALE" class="mw-redirect" title="PINWALE">PINWALE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dundee_Society" title="Dundee Society">Dundee Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Cryptologic_Museum" title="National Cryptologic Museum">National Cryptologic Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Cryptologic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cryptologic School">National Cryptologic School</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Vigilance_Park" title="National Vigilance Park">National Vigilance Park</a></li>

<li><a href="NSA_Hall_of_Honor" title="NSA Hall of Honor">NSA Hall of Honor</a></li>

<li><a href="Venona_project" title="Venona project">VENONA</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerabilities_Equities_Process" title="Vulnerabilities Equities Process">Vulnerabilities Equities Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Zendian_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Zendian Problem">Zendian Problem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Trailblazer_Project&oldid=1265457667">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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